What is a Hybrid Car? Definition, Meaning, Parts, Types, How Hybrid Cars Work? Pros & Cons

In this article, we will learn all about hybrid car along with definition, meaning, parts, how hybrid cars work, pros and cons, etc. In addition to, we have captured a details table for the differences between Hybrid Car Vs. Electric Car at the end.

What is Hybrid Car or Vehicles? Definition, Meaning & History

Hybrid Car Definition & Meaning: What is Hybrid Car Means?

A hybrid automobile isn’t significantly different from other cars, but it’s also not the same as other cars on the market. The term “hybrid automobile” has several definitions. However, before we can understand what hybrid cars are and how they work, we must first grasp the definition of the term.

The term “hybrid car” consists of two different words making a compound noun. The first word is hybrid, which refers to a combination of two or more things. In this sense, a Hybrid Car can be accurately defined as;

A car that used both a petrol engine and an electric motor to propel it.

The technology is not limited to gadgets and devices only. With the invention of hybrid cars, mechanical scientists have proved that technology can also be introduced into cars. The most significant motive of our generation is to keep this environment green, and this motive is achievable through hybrid cars only.

A hybrid car has been engineered to run on two separate energy sources at the same time.

History of Hybrid Cars or Vehicles

It’s difficult to attribute the creation of the electric car to a single person or country. Instead, a succession of advances in the 1800s led to the first electric car on the road, from the battery to the electric motor.

Innovators in Hungary, the Netherlands, and also the United States, including a Vermont blacksmith, began experimenting with the idea of a battery-powered vehicle in the early twentieth century and built some of the earliest small-scale electric cars. While a British inventor named Robert Anderson created the first primitive electric carriage around the same time, French and English inventors made the first viable electric cars until the second half of the nineteenth century.

The 1st practical electric car was introduced in the United States in 1890, owing to William Morrison, a scientist from Des Moines, Iowa. His six-passenger vehicle, which could reach speeds of 14 mph, was essentially an electrified wagon, but it sparked interest in electric vehicles.

Some of the most significant events in that history are discussed:

• At the 1900 Paris Exposition, the Lohner-Porsche Elektromobil makes its debut. Despite the fact that it started out as a pure electric car, Ferdinand Porsche quickly incorporated an internal combustion engine to recharge the batteries, transforming it into the world’s first hybrid electric vehicle.
• The Woods Motor Company introduces the Woods Dual Power, a hybrid electric automobile with a 4-cylinder internal combustion engine, in 1917. The Dual Power’s top speed was 35 miles per hour (56.3 kilometers per hour). It did not go as planned.
• In the 1960s and 1970s, Victor Wouk, an electrical engineer, built a prototype HEV based on the Buick Skylark. After the US government refused to fund the vehicle’s ongoing development, Wouk ran out of money and abandoned the project.
• The GM 512, an experimental car that operates on electricity at low speeds and gasoline at greater speeds, is introduced by General Motors in 1968.
• The Audi Duo, a concept automobile, makes its premiere in 1989. It has a 12-horsepower electric motor and a 139-horsepower internal combustion engine. Audi develops new models of the Duo during the next decade.
• 1997: Toyota introduced the Prius and began selling it in Japan in response to Executive Vice President Akihiro Wadi’s challenge to build more fuel-efficient automobiles.

Also Read: Types of Cars

Parts of Hybrid Car or Vehicle

Let’s see all the basic parts of a hybrid car to have a primary concept on hybrid car.

Gasoline Engine

A gasoline engine is still present in hybrid cars. Because 1 gallon of gasoline has the same energy as half a ton of battery power, this will continue to be the vehicle’s primary power source.

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Electric Motor

This is the trait that distinguishes the hybrid vehicle from the rest. The electric motor may accelerate the car by drawing electricity from the battery. However, if you slow down the car, it may recharge the battery.

Fuel Tank

Like a classic car, you’ll have a fuel tank to store your gasoline. Due to the enhanced technology in hybrid cars, less gas will be used. As a result, your fuel efficiency will improve, and your emissions will decrease. This tank keeps fuel onboard the vehicle until the engine needs it.

Transmission

The transmission in most hybrid cars will be similar to that found in a traditional gasoline car. However, new messages are being developed expressly for hybrid vehicles like the Toyota Prius.

Batteries

Batteries power a hybrid car’s electric motor. Not only that, but the storms may also use the electric motor to generate power. This is one method for extending their lives. The low-voltage auxiliary battery of an electric drive vehicle provides electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged and power vehicle accessories. The DC/DC converter transforms higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack into the lower-voltage DC electricity needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.

Electric generator

While braking generates electricity from the revolving wheels and transfers it to the traction battery pack. Motor generators are used in some cars to provide both Drive and regeneration.

Also read: Types of bikes

Electric traction motor

This motor uses energy from the traction battery pack to move the vehicle’s wheels. In certain autos, motor generators are employed to provide both drive and regeneration.

Exhaust system

The exhaust system directs exhaust gases from the engine to the tailpipe.  In the car exhaust system, A three-way catalyst is used to reduce engine-out emissions.

Power electronics controller

This unit controls the speed of the electric traction motor and its torque by managing the flow of electrical energy given by the traction battery.

Thermal system (cooling)

 This system keeps the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components within a safe operating temperature range.

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How Does Hybrid Car Works? Working Procedure

The following is the entire scenario of “how hybrid automobiles work”:

• Hybrid cars or vehicles are powered by an electric motor and an internal combustion engine that uses energy stored in batteries.
• We cannot charge the battery of a hybrid electric by plugging it in.  Instead, the battery is managed by the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking. Because the electric motor provides more power, a smaller engine may be possible.
• The battery can also give power to auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when the engine is halted. These elements work together to improve fuel economy without losing performance.
• Hybrid cars combine the power of gasoline engines with the efficiency of electric motors in a seamless manner. The battery in a hybrid is recharged while driving, so it’s always ready to go without the need to plug it in.

Let’s see the scenarios for the hybrid car working procedure:

During Start of hybrid car

From the basic concept, we understand that hybrid car consists of engine & battery both. In that starting of this type of cars, electric motor helps to move the car by taking power from the battery.

Normal Driving

After starting of the car, it speeds up and starts to move normally. During the normal driving, both engine & motor can work simultaneously or only one can work at normal speeds.

Speeding Up & Breaking

If high speed is required, driver needs to accelerate the care. In this scenario, engine gives more power and more speeds with respect to battery. Hence, for high speed and acceleration, engine works mainly.

During breaking of the hybrid car, no power will be provided for optimization.

During Stop

When the car needs to stop, both motor & engine are turned off to stop the car.

Power for Auxiliary

During normal driving, battery is charged and all accessories like lights etc. are running from the battery.

Types of Hybrid Car or Vehicle

Hybrid vehicles are divided into many categories. Hybrid cars include mild hybrids, full hybrids, plug-in hybrids, electric cars with range extenders, etc.

Car or Vehicles with complete hybrid system

Any car with both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor is referred to as a hybrid vehicle. According to the theory, the electric motor will be used for short distances or when power is not required. When the car needs to go a longer distance or attain higher speeds, the internal combustion engine helps it consume fuel in the same way that a typical vehicle does.

Definition

Hybrid electric vehicles with larger batteries and more powerful electric motors are full hybrids. They can rely only on the electric motor for short distances and low speeds.

Specifications

They are more expensive than mild hybrids, but they come with additional amenities and provide significantly better fuel economy.

Advantages

To some, this may appear to be a contradiction. How can it be termed an electric vehicle if it still burns gasoline and emits exhaust?

• An FHEV has the advantage of combining the best features of both a regular car and a BEV. Most BEVs have a limited effective range that is readily surpassed by a standard car, making them unsuitable for extended trips.
• On the other hand, Stock cars waste a lot of fuel when traveling short distances, especially if the vehicle has to stop and start frequently.
• When needed, an FHEV can drive significant distances. Still, it can also make daily excursions using only the electric motor, resulting in zero exhaust emissions, lowering your carbon footprint, and saving you money on fuel.

Mild Hybrid Cars or Vehicles

It’s a low-cost, relatively simple set of components that helps petrol and diesel cars use less fuel and emit less CO2.

Specifications

• It usually comprises a small electric generator that replaces the starter motor and alternator (the mechanism that keeps the 12-volt battery charged), as well as a small lithium-ion battery.
• The majority of mild hybrid cars are powered by a 48-volt electrical system, higher than typical 12V systems. This allows the engine to function more efficiently by powering components that the engine would have previously powered.
• As the name implies, a mild hybrid provides only a tiny amount of electrical aid to the engine – not enough for the car to run entirely on electricity.
• The systems vary slightly from one model to the next. Still, in general, they employ generator power to aid the engine under intense acceleration and help it restart more smoothly and seamlessly after it has been switched off when the car is stationary.
• When the brakes are used, they collect energy and store it in the battery to provide more help.
• Mild hybrid cars are up to 15% more efficient than their conventional counterparts on average. Moreover, the Ford Puma, last year’s overall Car of the Year and our favorite small SUV for 2021, is an excellent example of mild hybrid technology to improve a model’s economy and performance.
• A mild hybrid system is standard on most Ford cars with the 1.0-liter three-cylinder petrol engine. According to Ford, the system continuously monitors how the vehicle is operated to calculate how intensively the battery should be charged and when the machine should be assisted.
• It can provide an extra 15lb-ft of pulling force to the engine, allowing it to work less hard under normal loads and improving the economy by up to 9%.
• When the engine is under tremendous strain, the same boost can improve performance. Mild hybrid systems come in various configurations, with some being more advanced than others. One of the most ingenious is found in Audi’s Q8 premium SUV.
• It further enhances the economy by collaborating with the car’s adaptive cruise control system to slow it down as it approaches bends and roundabouts, reclaiming energy from the braking.
• To save gasoline, it can even turn off the engine and let the car coast for up to 40 seconds at a time. For starters, they’re less complex than other hybrids; therefore, they’re often less expensive to purchase.
• They’re also more tolerable than plug-in hybrids, which must be plugged in regularly to reap the full benefits.
• A mild combination is a cleaner option than standard petrol or diesel if a plug-in hybrid is too pricey or you don’t have access to a charger.
• They’re also no different to drive than standard versions. They work with cars with manual transmissions, making them suitable for individuals who like a more traditional driving experience.

Disadvantages

• Mild hybrid cars have the disadvantage of not being as ecologically beneficial as many full hybrids and plug-in hybrids.
• They do not qualify for the lowest rates of corporate car tax. While the 96g/km CO2 production of the Puma Ecoboost 125 Hybrid is remarkable compared to most ordinary small SUVs, it is significantly greater than the 34g/km CO2 output of the Renault Capture E-Tech plug-in hybrid. And while the Q8 50 TDI’s 219g/km emissions are respectable for a diesel-powered luxury SUV, they pale compared to the plug-in hybrid BMW X5 xDrive45e’s 29g/km.

Parallel Hybrid Cars or Vehicles

In production cars like the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight, here is where the hybrid narrative began. The conventional petrol-engine is paired with a larger electric motor and battery pack in this configuration.

Definition

 A parallel hybrid, unlike mild hybrids, may drive entirely on electricity for a brief amount of time before reverting to a combination of electric and combustion engines.

Example

The Toyota Prius is maybe the most well-known hybrid car.

Specifications

• The wheels of car can be powered directly by the engine, by the electric motor alone, or by a combination of both power sources. Most parallel hybrids can’t be charged; instead, the battery is charged by regenerative braking and coasting, and the electric motor is only powerful enough to reach modest urban speeds. The McLaren P1, which combined a twin-turbocharged V8 with an electric motor and lithium-ion battery pack, was one of the first supercars (or hyper cars) to use this technology.
• The Prius uses the electric motor for propulsion solely when pulling away up to 15 mph, making it particularly efficient in city driving. As speed rises and severe acceleration is applied, the petrol engine kicks in.
• The regenerative braking technology harvests electricity whenever you decelerate or apply the brakes, storing it in the battery for later use. Still, the car can only travel 1.25 miles on electricity alone.
• The Yaris and Corolla hatchbacks and the Prius+ MPV hybrid utilize this system, as do vehicles from Toyota’s premium sibling brand Lexus.

Hybrids with a range extender

Range-extender hybrids were popular a few years ago, but as plug-in powertrains have become more flexible and powerful and range anxiety in full-EVs has decreased, the range extender has fallen out of favor.

Definition

 A range-extender powertrain is characterized by the layout of a combustion engine that serves as a small additional motor to extend the range of the battery pack, as the name suggests.

Specifications

• The wheels are not directly connected and instead functioning as an electrical generator, range extenders eliminate the parasitic mechanical losses associated with combustion engines, resulting in their general incompatibility with performance cars.
• These are relatively unique hybrids that differ from ordinary combinations in that their combustion engines serve primarily as generators, generating electricity to power the electric motors that drive the wheels.
• While private cars have shied away from range-extender hybrids, public transportation, such as buses and the new LEVC London Taxi, uses the technology to drastically reduce carbon emissions without having to recharge as frequently as possible a pure electric vehicle.
• The constant stop-start driving style that tops up the batteries via regenerative braking, only resorting to the combustion engine when the batteries are at a critically low level, allows vehicles like the new London Taxi to run nearly entirely on the electric mode in metropolitan areas.

Examples

• The Honda CR-V Hybrid and the e-Power variant of the anticipated 2021 Nissan Qashqai are two recent examples of range-extender hybrids. The range-extender system, according to Nissan, gives the Qashqai superior performance than a parallel hybrid of comparable size.
• One prominent example is the BMW i3 Range Extender, discontinued in 2018 and is currently only available as a used vehicle. Its tiny petrol engine produces enough energy to keep the car’s battery charged, extending the i3’s range by 80 miles above the purely electric equivalent (for a total of 205 miles).

Plug-in hybrids cars or Vehicles

Hybrid cars in the past did not require charging via an electrical outlet. While a vehicle’s wheels, brakes, and engine are used, their batteries charge. The captured energy is then used to complement the engine’s output via more electric motors. This relieves part of the strain on your machine, resulting in better fuel economy.

Definition

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is actually a car that combines the power of battery-powered electricity with gasoline. The energy that drives your car can come from a battery, gasoline, or both at the same time, depending on the engine.

Specifications

• These plug-in hybrid electric vehicles cross between traditional hybrids and fully electric cars. As the name implies, they may be plugged into an electrical outlet to replenish their batteries.
• They feature conventional engines, but they also have larger batteries than typical hybrids, allowing them to go further on electric power alone, lowering operating expenses significantly if charged regularly.
• The BMW X5 xDrive45e, our favorite luxury SUV, has an official electric range of 54 miles, while the diesel-electric Mercedes-Benz GLE 350de has a range of more than 60 miles.
• Several things determine battery life. The air conditioner, radio, and headlamps can result in shorter battery life. The sort of road you’re driving on, as well as the topography, can have an impact on fuel efficiency. For example, an EV going through a mountainous area should anticipate losing charge more quickly because traveling uphill requires more effort than traveling across a flat environment. When riding downhill, though, cautious braking can help to pump that charge back up again.
• Although PHEVs still require gasoline fill-ups, they are typically fewer and farther between standard gasoline and diesel vehicles. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have longer ranges than EVs and compete directly with classic hybrids since they combine their energy sources.
• According to the Federal Highway Administration, the average person travels 13,476 miles each year, or a little over 36 miles per day. With the average PHEV attaining roughly 20 miles of range and a charge halfway through the day, the ordinary user should not need to consume any gasoline, even before considering the regenerative energy captured while driving. However, many PHEVs enhance their engines’ capabilities by not running solely on EV power unless the vehicle’s EV drive mode is selected.
• Many EVs and PHEVs have a top speed that can only be reached with electric power. As technology advances, these speeds are expected to rise to around 80-90 mph.
• The majority of manufacturers have apps that allow PHEV users to schedule charging. This permits owners who want to stay at home overnight to charge when electricity costs are at their lowest. These apps also allow owners to keep track of their vehicle’s charging process and notify them when it’s finished.
• Although plug-in hybrid electric vehicles models differ significantly from one manufacturer to the next, the core functioning concept remains the same.
• Before you take delivery of a PHEV, make sure you have a manufacturer representative guide you through all of the car’s systems to guarantee you’re getting the most out of it.

Challenges of Adaptation of Hybrid Cars

• Acceptance of electric vehicles on a large scale will undoubtedly alleviate essential difficulties such as carbon pollution, fuel reliance, and economic success.
• Despite several cross-sectoral and various hurdles, Pakistan has lately decided to move from ICEs to EVs, with a diversity of policy alternatives for automakers, customers, and global stakeholders.
• A comprehensive evaluation of the current condition of EV maturity in Pakistan and some of the most pressing adaptation difficulties and opportunities are provided in this report.
• According to the study, state financial incentives, market costs, technological challenges, and societal disadvantages are among the most significant barriers to EVs entering the current market. As a result, recommendations are made in accordance with the obstacles to boost the competency and expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, which will contribute to more secure futures.
• On the other side, while Pakistan’s shift to electric vehicles presents some exciting milestones, a proactive and practical approach is required to track the positive elements of rapid advancement and maximize its benefits.

Standards for Regulation in the European Union in 2020

However, research by environmental think tanks like the International Council for Clean Transportation (ICCT) demonstrates that even the WLTP test is far from accurate, especially for hybrid automobiles, which rely on the combustion engine approximately twice as much as the test results indicate.

Actual emissions data from over 100,000 plug-in hybrids were used in the ICCT studies from company car databases and consumer fuel-tracking websites.

The fact that plug-in hybrids are charged less frequently and have a shorter all-electric range than the test assumes is one of the reasons for the ICCT result. The real-world divergence is much higher for work cars because drivers have less incentive to charge the vehicle, which is a cheaper alternative to refueling if they are not paying the bill.

While the EU agreed to force car manufacturers to install fuel consumption meters in their vehicles starting in 2021, it was unclear if this information would be used in emissions tests.

“Emissions have reduced every year, which is a great accomplishment,”

– said Peter Mock, managing director of the ICCT in Europe. “However, the hybrids are the real issue, and that’s what’s being misrepresented.”

What is the Difference between Hybrid Car Vs. Electric Car?

There are many differences between a hybrid car and electric car. Let’s see the differences between hybrid car vs. electric car:

Description	Hybrid Car	Electric Car
Technology	Modern technology uses engine as well as battery	Modern technology uses battery, no engine
Engine	I.C Engine & motor	No engine, only motor
Fuel	It uses fossil fuels like petrol or diesel, however, its quantity is less	No fossil fuels
Fuel Efficiency	High, however, it depends on IC Engine as well as the battery	High, it depends on the battery
Charging	No separate charging is required	Separate charging is required
Time	No time required	Time required for charging is based on the battery capacity and range
Emission	As a hybrid car has an engine, it will have CO2 emissions. It will be less compared to the conventional cars but more with respect to an electric car.	Very less emissions with respect to conventional as well as a hybrid car.
Driving Range	It can be driven for a long-range	It can not be driven for long-range, needs charging
Petrol station	Must go to the petrol station for filling oil	No need, charging can be at home as well.
Cost	Slightly high with respect to conventional IC cars	High with respect to hybrid cars.

Hybrid Car Pros and Cons: Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages or Pros of Hybrid Cars

While the most common conventional option is a gas-powered vehicle, hybrid-powered vehicles have recently gained popularity. Hybrid automobiles are currently the hottest-selling vehicles after gaining progress in practically every automotive category, from luxury coupes to daily-commute sedans. This is because of their higher gas economy and a slew of other benefits over a regular gas engine. Of course, each of these vehicles has its own advantages and disadvantages based on its capability, upkeep, and standard features. Advantages of hybrid cars are the following:

• Hybrid cars were created to be as simple to operate as possible. Whenever you press the power button, there is no sound, only a prompt saying you are ready! Because the Hybrid system is self-contained and all Hybrids are automatic, all you have to do is put the gear lever in Drive and enjoy smooth power on every journey.
• Riding in Hybrid cars will allow you to hear more of what matters as their quiet electric power transports you around town. This electric boost combines effortlessly with economic petrol power at higher speeds, and when you need it most, the two engines work together to propel you forward.
• With Hybrids, you don’t have to worry about how far you’re going; simply fill up with gas and drive away, just like any other vehicle. When the battery runs low, the extra power from the engine recharges it. Furthermore, every time you brake, energy is recovered to charge the battery, ensuring that no energy is wasted. Every time you press the brake pedal in a hybrid automobile, it helps to replenish the battery a little. An internal mechanism kicks in, catching the energy produced and charging the battery, saving time and minimizing the need to replenish the battery on a regular basis.
• You’ll enjoy driving a Hybrid as much as you’ll love the money you’ll save. In cities, hybrid automobiles are at ease, shutting down their engines as much as possible to save money and fuel. Minimal fuel use equals low emissions; hybrids, unlike diesel automobiles, have some of the lowest CO2 emissions in their classes, as well as low levels of dangerous nitrogen oxides (NOx). As the cost of gasoline continues to rise, more people are choosing for hybrid automobiles. As a result, the resale value of these ecologically friendly vehicles is now higher than typical. So, if you don’t like your car, you can always sell it for a higher price to individuals who want it.
• Having a hybrid vehicle has numerous advantages. The aspect you’ll value the most is how it aids in budget management as gas prices continue to rise. Another benefit that is not immediately obvious is the environmental impact of owning and driving a hybrid vehicle. It helps the environment by lowering your carbon footprint and reducing your reliance on fossil fuels.
• The Hybrid family has expanded to include numerous distinct models, so we’re sure to have a Hybrid solution for you. The Yaris Hybrid is an excellent option for city slickers searching for urban wheels. There’s the Auris Touring Sports if you have an ever-expanding family and are having trouble fitting everyone in. To summarise, we believe there is a Hybrid for everyone.
• A hybrid vehicle produces fewer pollutants and consumes less gasoline, resulting in lower emissions and less dependency on fossil fuels. As a result, gasoline prices on the domestic market are reduced.
• Hybrid cars are composed of lighter materials, requiring less energy to work. Similarly, the engine is also smaller and lighter, resulting in significant energy savings.

Disadvantages or Cons of Hybrid Cars

Some disadvantages of hybrid cars are listed below:

• Hybrid vehicles have two engines. The primary power source is a gasoline engine that is substantially smaller than those seen in single-engine cars, and the electric motor is rather feeble. The combined power of both engines is lower than that of a gas-powered engine. As a result, rather than speed and acceleration, it is better for city driving.
• The most major downside of hybrid automobiles is that they may deplete your financial resources. Hybrid vehicles are more expensive than conventional gasoline vehicles, costing anywhere from $5000 to $10000 more. However, lower operating expenses and tax savings may be the deciding factors.
• A hybrid car has a gasoline engine, as well as a lighter electric engine and a battery pack. This adds to the vehicle’s weight and takes up additional room. As the added weight reduces fuel efficiency, manufacturers have reduced motor and battery size, as well as suspension and body support.

• A dual engine and ongoing technological advancements make it harder for mechanics to fix the vehicle, and maintenance costs are significantly greater. Finding a mechanic with this level of knowledge is a tough job.

• The high voltage contained inside the batteries can be fatal in an accident. In such instances, there’s a reasonable probability you’ll be electrocuted, making it harder for rescuers to get the other passengers and driver out of the car.

Hybrid Car Examples

The best hybrid cars in 2022 are mentioned as follows, for examples:

• 2022 Honda Accord Hybrid
• 2022 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid
• 2022 Toyota Camry Hybrid
• 2022 Hyundai Elantra Hybrid
• 2022 Toyota Avalon Hybrid

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs on Hybrid Cars

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Conclusion

The world is progressing towards advancement day by day, and it is not wrong to say that new technology has entered the field of mechanics. The launching of hybrid cars has been a great success since day one because it uses gasoline and electricity to run itself. It is very economical and easy to drive as well. The most significant factor that makes it the new black of the car industry is producing no pollution. All of these points make it the best choice for today’s generation.

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